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I'm feeling kind of intrigued by this idea now. I'd like to come up with a stereotypical feminine behavior that is nonthreatening to discuss and try to understand what we mean by biology vs. culture, and whether or not it would be possible to design an experiment to test the hypothesis that the behavior is more cultural than biological. The hard part is finding a stereotypical behavior that is nonthreatening. Does anyone have any suggestions?
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Re: Thought experiment anyone?
Wed, August 8, 2007 - 4:59 PMthis sounds great! um, how about preening? seems to be stereotypically feminine, but also vary by culture quite a bit. -
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Re: Thought experiment anyone?
Wed, August 8, 2007 - 5:46 PMI don't think preening would work for me (not much of a preener). What about enjoying math? I like math but most women I know don't (in fact, most people I know don't). Would anyone find that offensive as a topic for exploration? -
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Re: Thought experiment anyone?
Wed, August 8, 2007 - 8:30 PMYou're choosing things that have been pretty debunked. When girls are exposed to, and ecouraged to participate in math groups from an early age, they not only enjoy it, they excell at it.
Japan, India and the US (in teh 90's anyhow) demonstrated that more women were going into higher math, at younger ages than their male counterparts. The trend shifted here in teh us, but at the same time, our entire math and science programs started to produce less qualified scholars. -
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Re: Thought experiment anyone?
Wed, August 8, 2007 - 8:32 PMif you are really looking for something, you'd probably need to not look at superficial things, but more cross the culture things. "more emotional" "more communicative" "mothering instincts" maternal drives for children, etc.
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Re: Thought experiment anyone?
Wed, August 8, 2007 - 9:02 PM
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Re: Thought experiment anyone?
Wed, August 8, 2007 - 9:04 PMi think we're going to find interaction effects between culture and our bodies going on here. i thought it was buttoned up that there were physical differences statistically speaking between women and men related to math (i certainly am at the bottom of that curve!); perhaps what you're pointing to could coexist with this?
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Re: Thought experiment anyone?
Wed, August 8, 2007 - 9:54 PMYes, I wanted to find a topic that no one would take too seriously but one that we could talk about intelligently. I was thinking more along the lines of trying to differentiate between culture and biology, and why that might be important. But I like more nurturing, it makes me a little nervous because I think it will be more difficult.
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Re: Thought experiment anyone?
Wed, August 8, 2007 - 8:26 PMUntil very recently, preening was a male activity. so i'm guessing "cultural" more than biological, there.
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Re: Thought experiment anyone?
Wed, August 8, 2007 - 9:01 PMi'm still not sure this way of talking is contemporary either. culture vs. biology? i think maybe what we mean is flexible vs. less or inflexible? consider that if we were dedicated to pointing at "culture" as the cause of gender-related phenomena, we'd be stuck with explaining at some point how it evolved, and most of our evolution necessarily pre-dates culture, which is really quite a big umbrella anyway.
i hope no one thinks i am the biological determinist who opposes cultural ways of talking about things. i'm not! i'm also a cultural determinist, and i think all these levels interact complexly with each other. isn't that what you all think too? feminists are afraid that if we say that women's and men's brains are different or something that that means one sex is better or that each individual could accurately be said to be one way or the other, and so on. nature has no inherent values and natural selection is virtually the only designer we have of our bodies. it's blind and clueless. if women and men are different, it's because at least in part these differences were adaptive at some point or sexually selected for, or whatever. even the tussle of power between women and men shows the history of points and counterpoints going back and forth for centuries. -
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Re: Thought experiment anyone?
Wed, August 8, 2007 - 9:56 PM"i'm still not sure this way of talking is contemporary either. culture vs. biology?"
That's the whole point of the thread, to find a way of discussing the issue clearly by using a simple example as a model.
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Re: Thought experiment anyone?
Thu, August 9, 2007 - 10:33 AMOh, i really like that concept. "flexible vs. inflexible". gets us out of the truly unresovable nature v. nurture aruments.
only way we will never know N v. N is if we abuse some kids by taking them when they are babies and popping them onto an island where thier wishes are fulfilled, but there is no interaction.
Think i saw a Star trec episode like that once. ;-)
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See, i don't think the fear is sayign that our brains are different, but saying it based on current cultural norms, and not on (as stated, un proveable) facts. When we say "women's brains are more developed in teh left hemisphere (is that the artistic/communication one), then we are actually begging the question that the brain came that way, and didn't "develop" that way. It could just as easily be that when you encourage your girls to talk, and your boys to think - it stimulates different parts of teh brain, and developes teh brain from there on out - differently.
As for selection, i'm always dubious of this only because my limited understanding is that it takes thouands upon thosands of generations (not 100's) to code changes into the animal in question. Human Society as we know it, has been around 6000 years, human "culture" another 20-70,000 depending on how you define it. is that enough time to truyl change our biology? I really don't know, cause i don't knwo the science. -
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Re: Thought experiment anyone?
Thu, August 9, 2007 - 11:15 AMI think maybe we should use aggressiveness. Men being more aggressive and competitive. There is a lot of variation (women who are aggressive, men who are passive), it seems likely to have biological (less flexible) and cultural (more flexible) components but on the average men do seem to be more aggressive than women. Could we agree on that ?
Please don't misunderstand me, I am NOT saying that women are not aggressive or competitive, just that on average men are more so.
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Re: Thought experiment anyone?
Fri, August 10, 2007 - 11:06 AMOkay, either aggressiveness is fine or everyone has lost interest. :-P
Assuming aggressiveness is fine, let's narrow the range a bit (aggressiveness is rather general). How about sexual aggressiveness (men more actively pursue sex than women do) or verbal aggressiveness ( men are more combative in communication) ? -
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Re: Thought experiment anyone?
Fri, August 10, 2007 - 12:03 PMok, i need you to redefine your position please - thanks.
i'm a bit lost in what we are excatly doing here? are we looking for places in hitory and/or in other societies where women are the sexually aggresive ones?
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Re: Thought experiment anyone?
Fri, August 10, 2007 - 12:14 PMNo, I want to take a stereotype and examine it from a scientific basis. My purpose is to consider all the difficulties inherent in such an undertaking. If we choose the stereotype of men being more sexually aggressive than women, we could start to consider all the biological and cultural aspects of that behavior.
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Re: Thought experiment anyone?
Thu, August 9, 2007 - 11:26 AM"See, i don't think the fear is sayign that our brains are different, but saying it based on current cultural norms, and not on (as stated, un proveable) facts. When we say "women's brains are more developed in teh left hemisphere (is that the artistic/communication one), then we are actually begging the question that the brain came that way, and didn't "develop" that way. It could just as easily be that when you encourage your girls to talk, and your boys to think - it stimulates different parts of teh brain, and developes teh brain from there on out - differently.
As for selection, i'm always dubious of this only because my limited understanding is that it takes thouands upon thosands of generations (not 100's) to code changes into the animal in question. Human Society as we know it, has been around 6000 years, human "culture" another 20-70,000 depending on how you define it. is that enough time to truyl change our biology? I really don't know, cause i don't knwo the science."
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I think the problem is if we say the difference is biological, then where is the impetus to work towards equality or equal opportunity? And will women (or men) who are different from the norm for their gender be lumped with everyone else and never really be allowed to develop fully? And you're absolutely right, the fact that an adult brain show more development in one hemisphere than another could be environmental, in the same way that being muscular could be environmental.
Strong selection on a trait could be much more rapid. I've done simulations that show a trait becoming fixed in a population in less than 100 generations but that was a very simple trait determined by one gene. The types of traits we're talking about are more likely to be quantitative traits that are determined by numerous genes, in those cases selection could take a very long time but some of these traits could have been under selection for as long as 100,000 years. -
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Re: Thought experiment anyone?
Fri, August 10, 2007 - 12:50 PM"I think the problem is if we say the difference is biological, then where is the impetus to work towards equality or equal opportunity?"
biology changes, and through self-modeling and cultural efforts we can set an opposing determinist vector against what might be biologically expedient, but no longer relevant. consider our sweet tooth as an example. this is something that has been demonstrated quite clearly to be a holdover from the EEA, during which we had little access to sugar and were rightly conditioned to take advantage of it when it was around (fruit mainly). some aspects of our brains don't know that in the modern world it's all over the place, it still think it's a rare shot of energy we must indulge in. the solution? to know this, and to try to monkeywrench it. might we find a similar structure with at least some behaviors related to sex/gender?
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Re: Thought experiment anyone?
Fri, August 10, 2007 - 6:10 PM"And you're absolutely right, the fact that an adult brain show more development in one hemisphere than another could be environmental, in the same way that being muscular could be environmental."
but the cultural could become the biological. breast size for example. most women have bigger breasts than they need biologically because they are sexually selected for in a way that many would want to call cultural. same with muscles. if women mate with more fecundity with muscular men, then the trait is more likely to appear in generations to come, insofar as it is heritable.
i haven't read roughgarden's book yet, but she supposedly "overturns" darwinian sexual selection from her tranny position of insight. sounds like a marketing blurb - the "overturn" part - but who knows, could be cool.. anyone read it? she also just wrote a book about christianity and darwinism.
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Re: Thought experiment anyone?
Fri, August 10, 2007 - 12:19 PM"See, i don't think the fear is sayign that our brains are different, but saying it based on current cultural norms, and not on (as stated, un proveable) facts. When we say "women's brains are more developed in teh left hemisphere (is that the artistic/communication one), then we are actually begging the question that the brain came that way, and didn't "develop" that way. It could just as easily be that when you encourage your girls to talk, and your boys to think - it stimulates different parts of teh brain, and developes teh brain from there on out - differently. "
yes, and the genetic architecture is actually more environmentally sensitive than some people now -- epigenetics, namely. it's not lamarckian, but it is a burgeoning field that's quite interesting.
you point out the issue quite well here, but there are limits to development as well. for example, you're not going to evolve a mouth on the back of your neck most likely. neurological development does occur within constraints, but neuroplasticity has been proven more in recent years to be amazingly wide, and we even make new neurons in our lifetime -- something we didn't believe occurred just a decade or so ago.
an example might be sexual orientation -- could everyone be queer if they were in a queer-positive environment? could everyone be straight? it doesn't look like that right now.
so the question again really is, what kind of constraints are there or statistical trends in brain development connected to sex? -
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Re: Thought experiment anyone?
Fri, August 10, 2007 - 2:03 PMOk, biological question as best you know it.
If we assume
1) women in our society talk more
2) because they talk more, thier right (left?) side of their brain gets more stimulation and therefor grows.
Do we know if this has a permant effect? That is, would a woman who talks more, be any more likely to have a child who's brain is wired to talk more?
Does something that changes "after birth", have anything to with later selection?
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constraints about aggression.
1) we know testosterone has a specific effect on teh human body. we can test this by giving testosterone to women, and giving more to men. we can see that one of the specific effects of that "drug" is an increase in aggression. however, oddly, it is also a DECREASE in sexual drive an potency both.
2) men are phsyiclaly stonger, so they have more confidence in purly "strenght based" situations. this could translate culturally into aggression around those who are weaker, especially when it's a "group" like women.
3) estrogen has a strange effect on women's aggression as far as sexual drive and demands. but, what i don't know is if that is because as long as you are on your period, you can have kids, and that idea limits women's freedom with sex. but when you go through menopause it's nearly impossible to have kids, so sex becomes "free", and some women get more "demanding" at that point. -
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Re: Thought experiment anyone?
Fri, August 10, 2007 - 9:26 PM"Does something that changes "after birth", have anything to with later selection? "
It depends on the genetic basis of the trait. The flexibility to change (and adapt to a variety of situations) could definitely be genetic.
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Re: Thought experiment anyone?
Fri, August 10, 2007 - 9:28 PMOy, hormonal changes through life span. That will definitely add another layer of complexity.
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Re: Thought experiment anyone?
Fri, August 10, 2007 - 12:36 PMOkay, if we're agreed on sexual aggressiveness, the first step I would suggest is observation. This would simply be observation of the type of behavior that occurs, how we define it, measure it, etc. At this point we ignore how or why the behavior occurs and just find a way to measure the behavior.
So, what does it mean to say that men are more sexually aggressive than women, and how would we measure it? -
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Re: Thought experiment anyone?
Fri, August 10, 2007 - 1:06 PM"men more actively pursue sex than women do" = sexual aggressiveness is how you defined it. maybe we should term is sexual proactiveness instead? sexual aggression is real too, and we could talk about that, but it's a different phenomenon than your definition, i'd say. and are we limiting it to the pursuit of actual sex with actual partners, or does virtual sex count? heterosexual, queer, all of the above?
i guess you'd want to do a cross-cultural and transhistorical analysis of gendered behavior in relation to mating rituals, and who tends to be more proactive. as anyone who's played with dominance/submission as a way to get turned on knows, it's not so easy to delineate, since often the apparently proactive person is responsive to cues given by the supposedly passive person. -
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Re: Thought experiment anyone?
Fri, August 10, 2007 - 9:22 PMLOL! simplify simplify simplify! Yes, I'm definitely thinking along the lines of proactiveness rather than actual violence. Let's limit it to behaviors actually intended to lead to sex. I think we can include all sexual preferences and focus on comparing men to women.
So, clearly we run into a glitch immediately. How do we define "aggressive" (or proactive) and it seems obvious it would have a cultural component. So, we have to begin with some assumptions. Assumptions are fine. We just have to keep track of them because ultimately any "results" will only be as good as our assumptions.
So, from what we know, how are men more proactive than women? How is that expressed in a way that could be measured? Could we say that generally men express interest first (interest in having sex) more often than women Or perhaps, just that men more actively seek partners or sexual opportunities? -
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Re: Thought experiment anyone?
Sat, August 11, 2007 - 8:55 AMLOL! simplify simplify simplify!
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It the nature of stuides and academics.
My 80 page master's theses was a study of the word Taku Skan Skan, what it likely meant in the source language, how it evolved in the source language, how it came to be translated as "god" in the target languge, and how that ultimate shift in terms created a shift in meaning as the spakers move from the source language to English speakers.
80 pages on one word. yeah, one has to "simplify" or one ends up making rather invalid (or at least more theoritical) stamements as they cover too many "well, setting that aspect aside".
heheheh -
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Re: Thought experiment anyone?
Sat, August 11, 2007 - 9:23 AM80 pages on one word? I think I would lose my mind. I definitely love being on the science end of things. Obviously, the world is very complex and certainly what we are looking at is complex but I think it is helpful to reduce things to bare bones for the purpose of clarity.
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Re: Thought experiment anyone?
Sun, August 12, 2007 - 12:15 PMi suppose we could define sexually proactive as including:
- the initiation of conversation
- walking up to someone with whom you've made warm eye contact
- asking someone out on a date
- initiating affection
- initiating kissing
but that kind of loads the deck, because i already know that many women often are proactive differently, signaling that they want to be approached via different means:
- playing with one's hair suggestively
- initiating eye contact
- letting a friend know in order to tell the person of interest to initiate
- making oneself easily available for a kiss or affection
most people would say the first list, but i think that's begging the question. i think if you signal that you are available to someone and then they "make the first move," that YOU actually made the first move.
argh. tres difficile! -
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Re: Thought experiment anyone?
Sun, August 12, 2007 - 12:41 PMWhy don't we parse it down to initiating sex, and use the definition of initiation to determine whether a behavior qualifies, or not? An individual may initiate sex in a more subtle manner (playing with hair, etc.) but we can still consider it initiation. We're not going to actually measure the behavior so I don't think we necessarily have to hammer out all the details, but initiating sex (or attempting to) is certainly something that *could* be measured. Initiation simply being "to begin, set going, or originate". -
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Re: Thought experiment anyone?
Sun, August 12, 2007 - 1:03 PMwell, i suppose the big first kiss (this IS fun to think about!! ...batting eyelashes) would be the first usual marker. the lean-in? or wait., how about the "do you wanna come in for a drink?" that's usually a green light. but wait, i am hammering out details you believe need not be hammered.
okay, then, well i'm a bit of a phenomenologist. this approach has helped me understand some likely predictable effects of sexed bodies. one sex has an opening into their bodies and can get pregnant during a large portion of their lives. this opening is more relatively prone to infection as well, and also privately releases lining and blood once a monthish. they have relatively pronounced hips and breasts as well. these are incontestable facts. the other sex has a protrusion between their legs above very vulnerable structures, and this protrusion changes size, shape and firmness under varying conditions of arousal. they release a build-up of constantly created gametes via ejaculation, usually a few times a week.
just knowing these facts, i would predict that women would initiate sex less. the stakes are higher (pregnancy with heterosexuals, infection), the timing suboptimal for some of the month (known mostly only be her). the only way i'd expect it to equalize among heterosexuals is if the parties involved supported abortion as an option, were aware of and proficient with birth control, and knew about each other's bodily natures... low and behold, we see how what we call "feminism" is born, at least in one way! the cultural prosthesis of sex.
now, among bisexual same-sex partners or other queers, it's pretty much 50/50 measurement, since whoever initiates is the same sex! we'd need to introduce new ways of talking then, butch/femme if that is operative, etc. -
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Re: Thought experiment anyone?
Sun, August 12, 2007 - 1:26 PMYou're jumping ahead to formulating hypotheses. ;-)
So, women may choose to initiate sex less frequently than men because of physiological issues BUT first we have to establish that women actually DO initiate sex less frequently.
So, let's imagine we prepare a well thought out experiment that observes this behavior cross culturally and we find that in 9 out of the 10 cultures examined, men initiate sex more frequently than women (> 50% of sexual encounters initiated by men) but in one culture women initiate sex more frequently, and there is wide variation within cultures, by age and education. I think this fairly well reflects our current understanding BUT I'm obviously making some serious assumptions here. To some extent even to think this through we are going to have to make assumptions, but we have to keep track of them.
So, here's my imaginary survey results:
men initiate sex more frequently then women (9 out of 10 cultures),
individual variation within cultures is very high ( meaning even though on average men initiate sex more often, some women initiate sex more often than some men do,
the tendency to initiate sex varies with age and education.
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If there are any objections to my imaginary research study, please speak up now, because it will be very confusing to change the "observations" midstream. -
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Re: Thought experiment anyone?
Sun, August 12, 2007 - 2:49 PMwe can go with them, but i don't believe they're accurate. -
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This is the maximum depth. Additional responses will not be threaded.
Re: Thought experiment anyone?
Mon, August 13, 2007 - 12:42 AMWhat do you think would be more accurate?
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Re: Thought experiment anyone?
Fri, August 17, 2007 - 12:47 AMI'd say that you'd have to look at time periods and what time period you were going to consider a single event. That is, if, say sex has already been initiated previously between the same partners...what is the period after which "re-initiation" would be considered a new event for data gathering purpose? I'm thinking that the cultural variables there become too burdensome and an initial study would have to be reduced to "first contact" events...
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